The term breathing, often interpreted by respiration, although literally true both terms are different. Respiratory (breathing) means inhale and exhale. Therefore, breathing is defined as the process of entering the air from the outside environment into the body and flushes out the rest of the body to the environment. Meanwhile, respiration (respiration) means a process of combustion (oxidation) of organic compounds (groceries) in the cells to obtain energy.
Energy produced from respiration very supportive once to perform multiple activities. For example, regulate body temperature, movement, growth and reproduction. Therefore, respiratory activity and respiration in fact interconnected.
1. Structure of Human Respiratory
a. Nose
The nose is a breathing apparatus that is located outside and is made up of cartilage. At the tip and base of the nose is supported by tulangnasalis. Nasal cavity is divided into two parts by the nasal septum, the left and right. The front of the septum supported by cartilage, while the back is supported by VOMER bone and ethmoid bone protrusion.
The lower part of the nasal cavity is limited by the palate bone, and maxilla. The top is limited by ethmoid, maxillary bones by the side, inferior nasal conchae and ethomoid while the center is limited by the nasal septum.
On the wall there are three lateral protrusions called nasal conchae superior, inferior conchae conchae and the media. Through gaps in the third this bulge inspired air to be heated by the blood in the capillaries and moistened by the mucus secreted by goblet cells. Mucus can also clean the air breathing of dust. The upper part of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity there, which contain cells of taste or smell. These cells are associated with the first brain nerve (olfactory nerve). Length is about 10 cm. The air going into the lungs will first enter through the nose first. About 15,000 liters of air each day will pass nose.
b. Pharynx
Air and food. The pharynx is the second branching channels, namely respiratory tract (nasopharynx) to the front and the gastrointestinal tract (oropharynx) on the back. Air from the nasal cavity into the pharynx. Pharyngeal tube shaped like a funnel, located behind the nasal cavity and mouth, and is composed of skeletal muscle. Pharynx serves as a course of air and food. The pharynx is the second branching channels, namely respiratory tract (nasopharynx) to the front and the gastrointestinal tract (oropharynx) on the back.
c. Larynx
Of the pharynx, respiratory air going towards the base of the throat or larynx is also called. The larynx is composed of pieces of cartilage that forms the Adam's apple. The Adam's apple is composed by the tongue bone, cartilage valves, cartilage shield, trophy cartilage and cartilage bracelet.
The larynx can be closed by a valve larynx (epiglottis). If the air into the throat, uvula folded down, and met with laryngeal valve that opens the airway to the throat. When swallowing, the valve cover and the base of the throat when breathing valve will open.
In the larynx are the vocal cords vibrate when air through it. For example, when we speak.
d. Trachea
Throat a pipe ± 10 cm in length, lies partly in the neck and partly in the chest cavity. The walls are thin, rigid throat, surrounded by a ring of cartilage, and on the inside of the ciliated cavity. Cilia-cilia function to filter foreign objects that enter the respiratory tract.
e. Bronchial
Bronchi are composed of branching, the left and right bronchi. The location of the right and left bronchus somewhat different. Right bronchus is more vertical than the left. Because of this structure, so it will be easy to concede the right bronchial foreign bodies. That is why the right lung a person more susceptible to bronchitis.
In a person with asthma the muscles to contract so it would bronchial narrowing. This is done to prevent the entry of more foreign bodies that cause allergic reactions. As a result, the patient will experience shortness of breath. While in patients with bronchitis, the bronchi will be clogged by mucus. Bronchi then branch off as many as 20-25 times branching to form bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles alveoli is composed of shaped like grapes.
f. Lungs
The organ that plays an important role in the process of breathing is the lung. The lungs are the organs located in the chest cavity, diaphragm precisely on the bulkhead. The diaphragm is a diaphragm that limits the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity. The lungs consist of two parts, the right lung and the left lung. The right lung has three wattle which is larger than the left lung has two wattle.
The lungs are covered by two layers of the lining of the lungs called the pleura. Getting into, in the lungs will be found a small fine bubbles called alveoli. The number of alveoli in the lungs more than 300 million pieces. This makes the presence of alveolar lung surface wider. It is estimated, lungs surface area of about 160 m2. In other words, the lungs have a surface area of about 100 times larger than the surface area of the body.
Alveolar wall contains blood capillaries. The oxygen contained in the alveoli diffuses through the alveolar wall and penetrate the blood capillary walls buses surrounding the alveoli. After that, go into the blood vessels and is bound to hemoglobin contained in red blood cells that form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2). Finally, oxygen is circulated by the blood throughout the body. After arriving to the body cells, oxygen is released so oxyhemoglobin back to hemoglobin. The oxygen is used for oxidation.
Carbon dioxide produced from cellular respiration is transported by the blood plasma through the blood vessels leading to the lungs. Once in the alveoli, the CO2 through the walls of blood vessels and the din ding alveoli. From the alveoli, carbon dioxide will be channeled towards the nose to remove. So the process of gas exchange actually takes place in the alveoli.
2. Human Respiratory Mechanism
Breathing is an automatic process that occurs even in a state of sleep though, because the respiratory system is affected by the autonomic nervous system. According to the site of the respiratory gas exchange can be divided into two types, namely external breathing and deep breathing.
Breathing out is the air exchange occurs between air in the alveoli with blood in the capillaries. Deep breathing is breathing that occurs between the capillary blood with body cells. Sign discharge air in the lung is influenced by differences in air pressure inside the chest cavity with air pressure outside the body. If the pressure outside the chest cavity is larger, then the air will enter. Conversely, if the pressure in the chest cavity larger then the air will come out.
In connection with the organs involved in the intake air (inspiration) and expenditures air (expiration) the respiratory mechanism divided into two kinds, namely chest breathing and abdominal breathing. Chest and abdominal breathing occur simultaneously.
1. Respiratory Chest
When we breathe in the air and threw uses chest breathing, the muscles you use the muscles between bones ribs. This muscle is divided into two forms, a muscular outer ribs between bones and muscles in the ribs between bones.
When there is inspiration, outer ribs between bones muscles to contract, so that the ribs to be lifted. As a result, the volume of the chest cavity enlarges. Enlarged volume of the chest cavity makes the air pressure in the chest cavity becomes smaller / reduced, but remains free to air pressure. Thus, air will flow freely into the lungs through the respiratory tract.
Meanwhile, during expiration, the ribs between bones muscles to contract (contract / slack), so the ribs and sternum to its original position. As a result, the chest cavity smaller. Because of the chest cavity decreases, pressure in the chest cavity becomes increased, while the air pressure outside anyway. Thus, the air within the cavity of the lungs are pushed out.
2. Abdominal Breathing
In the breathing process, the inspiration phase occurs when the diaphragm muscle (diaphragm) flat and the volume of the chest cavity enlarges, so the air pressure within the chest cavity smaller than the outside air, resulting in air. The expiratory phase occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm contract (contracts) and the volume of the chest cavity smaller, so the air pressure within the chest cavity larger than the air outside. As a result of the air pushed out.
3. Oxygen Gas exchange mechanism (02) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
Ambient air can be inhaled into the living body in two ways, namely respiratory directly and indirectly breathing. Intake air directly from the surface of the body can be done through the process of diffusion. While air inserted into the body through the respiratory tract respiratory called indirect.
When we breathe, air is taken and excreted through the lungs. In other words, we do the breathing indirectly through the lungs. However, the diffusion process directly on your breathing still occurs in the lungs. Section of lung natural Meng diffusion process with a fine air bubbles are small or alveoli.
Therefore, based on the process of breathing, human being has a two-stage gas exchange mechanism. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas which is the mechanism of external and internal respiration.
a. External Respiratory
When we breathe in air from the outside environment, the air will get into the lungs. Air enters oxygenated blood will be bound by diffusion. At the same time, blood containing carbon dioxide to be released. The process of exchanging oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between air and blood in the lungs is called external respiration.
When red blood cells (erythrocytes) into the capillaries of the lungs, most of the CO2 is transported in the form of bicarbonate ion (HCO-3). With the help of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, carbon dioxide (CO2) water (H2O), which is low in the blood will immediately diffuse out. The equation is as follows.
Immediately, reduced hemoglobin (symbolized HHB) releases hydrogen ions (H +) so that the hemoglobin (Hb) is also involved regardless. Then, the hemoglobin binds to oxygen (O2) to oxyhemoglobin (HbO2 abbreviated).
The process of diffusion can occur in the lungs (alveoli), because adaperbedaan partial pressure between air and blood in the alveoli. The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide to make the concentration of the blood and the air is different.
Partial pressure of the oxygen we breathe will be greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs. In other words, the concentration of oxygen in air is higher than the concentration of oxygen in the blood. Therefore, the oxygen of the air will diffuse into the blood in the pulmonary alveoli.
Meanwhile, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is greater than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the air. Thus, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood will be smaller in comparison to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. As a result, carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the air and be taken out of the body through the nose.
b. Respiratory Internal
Unlike external respiration, gas exchange in the process of internal respiration takes place in the tissues. The process of exchange of oxygen in the blood and carbon dioxide takes place in cellular respiration.
Once oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2) are formed in the lungs, oxygen will be separated, and further towards the tissue fluids. Oxygen will be used in the process of cell metabolism. The reaction is as follows.
The process of entry of oxygen into the tissue fluid through the process of diffusion. This diffusion process is due to the difference in partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissue fluids. Partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue fluid, lower than the oxygen in the blood. This means that the oxygen concentration in tissue fluid is lower. Therefore, the oxygen in the blood flow to the tissue fluid.
Meanwhile, the pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is lower than tissue fluid. As a result, carbon dioxide contained in the body's cells diffuses into the blood. Carbon dioxide is transported by the blood, patches of hemoglobin will bind together to form carboxy hemoglobin (HbCO2). His reaction was as follows.
However, most of the carbon dioxide goes into the blood plasma and join the water into carbonic acid (H2CO3). By anhydrase enzyme, carbonic acid will be decomposed into two ions, the hydrogen ions (H +) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO-reaction equation as follows.
CO2 is not all blood-borne were released out of the body by the lungs, but only 10% of his course. The rest is in the form of bicarbonate ions that remain in the blood. Bicarbonate ions in the blood serves as a bu. er or a buffer solution. \ More precisely, these ions play an important role in stabilizing the pH (acidity) of blood.
Tugas Biologi Elsa Elita tentang Human Respiratory System.
Energy produced from respiration very supportive once to perform multiple activities. For example, regulate body temperature, movement, growth and reproduction. Therefore, respiratory activity and respiration in fact interconnected.
1. Structure of Human Respiratory
a. Nose
The nose is a breathing apparatus that is located outside and is made up of cartilage. At the tip and base of the nose is supported by tulangnasalis. Nasal cavity is divided into two parts by the nasal septum, the left and right. The front of the septum supported by cartilage, while the back is supported by VOMER bone and ethmoid bone protrusion.
The lower part of the nasal cavity is limited by the palate bone, and maxilla. The top is limited by ethmoid, maxillary bones by the side, inferior nasal conchae and ethomoid while the center is limited by the nasal septum.
On the wall there are three lateral protrusions called nasal conchae superior, inferior conchae conchae and the media. Through gaps in the third this bulge inspired air to be heated by the blood in the capillaries and moistened by the mucus secreted by goblet cells. Mucus can also clean the air breathing of dust. The upper part of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity there, which contain cells of taste or smell. These cells are associated with the first brain nerve (olfactory nerve). Length is about 10 cm. The air going into the lungs will first enter through the nose first. About 15,000 liters of air each day will pass nose.
b. Pharynx
Air and food. The pharynx is the second branching channels, namely respiratory tract (nasopharynx) to the front and the gastrointestinal tract (oropharynx) on the back. Air from the nasal cavity into the pharynx. Pharyngeal tube shaped like a funnel, located behind the nasal cavity and mouth, and is composed of skeletal muscle. Pharynx serves as a course of air and food. The pharynx is the second branching channels, namely respiratory tract (nasopharynx) to the front and the gastrointestinal tract (oropharynx) on the back.
c. Larynx
Of the pharynx, respiratory air going towards the base of the throat or larynx is also called. The larynx is composed of pieces of cartilage that forms the Adam's apple. The Adam's apple is composed by the tongue bone, cartilage valves, cartilage shield, trophy cartilage and cartilage bracelet.
The larynx can be closed by a valve larynx (epiglottis). If the air into the throat, uvula folded down, and met with laryngeal valve that opens the airway to the throat. When swallowing, the valve cover and the base of the throat when breathing valve will open.
In the larynx are the vocal cords vibrate when air through it. For example, when we speak.
d. Trachea
Throat a pipe ± 10 cm in length, lies partly in the neck and partly in the chest cavity. The walls are thin, rigid throat, surrounded by a ring of cartilage, and on the inside of the ciliated cavity. Cilia-cilia function to filter foreign objects that enter the respiratory tract.
e. Bronchial
Bronchi are composed of branching, the left and right bronchi. The location of the right and left bronchus somewhat different. Right bronchus is more vertical than the left. Because of this structure, so it will be easy to concede the right bronchial foreign bodies. That is why the right lung a person more susceptible to bronchitis.
In a person with asthma the muscles to contract so it would bronchial narrowing. This is done to prevent the entry of more foreign bodies that cause allergic reactions. As a result, the patient will experience shortness of breath. While in patients with bronchitis, the bronchi will be clogged by mucus. Bronchi then branch off as many as 20-25 times branching to form bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles alveoli is composed of shaped like grapes.
f. Lungs
The organ that plays an important role in the process of breathing is the lung. The lungs are the organs located in the chest cavity, diaphragm precisely on the bulkhead. The diaphragm is a diaphragm that limits the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity. The lungs consist of two parts, the right lung and the left lung. The right lung has three wattle which is larger than the left lung has two wattle.
The lungs are covered by two layers of the lining of the lungs called the pleura. Getting into, in the lungs will be found a small fine bubbles called alveoli. The number of alveoli in the lungs more than 300 million pieces. This makes the presence of alveolar lung surface wider. It is estimated, lungs surface area of about 160 m2. In other words, the lungs have a surface area of about 100 times larger than the surface area of the body.
Alveolar wall contains blood capillaries. The oxygen contained in the alveoli diffuses through the alveolar wall and penetrate the blood capillary walls buses surrounding the alveoli. After that, go into the blood vessels and is bound to hemoglobin contained in red blood cells that form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2). Finally, oxygen is circulated by the blood throughout the body. After arriving to the body cells, oxygen is released so oxyhemoglobin back to hemoglobin. The oxygen is used for oxidation.
Carbon dioxide produced from cellular respiration is transported by the blood plasma through the blood vessels leading to the lungs. Once in the alveoli, the CO2 through the walls of blood vessels and the din ding alveoli. From the alveoli, carbon dioxide will be channeled towards the nose to remove. So the process of gas exchange actually takes place in the alveoli.
2. Human Respiratory Mechanism
Breathing is an automatic process that occurs even in a state of sleep though, because the respiratory system is affected by the autonomic nervous system. According to the site of the respiratory gas exchange can be divided into two types, namely external breathing and deep breathing.
Breathing out is the air exchange occurs between air in the alveoli with blood in the capillaries. Deep breathing is breathing that occurs between the capillary blood with body cells. Sign discharge air in the lung is influenced by differences in air pressure inside the chest cavity with air pressure outside the body. If the pressure outside the chest cavity is larger, then the air will enter. Conversely, if the pressure in the chest cavity larger then the air will come out.
In connection with the organs involved in the intake air (inspiration) and expenditures air (expiration) the respiratory mechanism divided into two kinds, namely chest breathing and abdominal breathing. Chest and abdominal breathing occur simultaneously.
1. Respiratory Chest
When we breathe in the air and threw uses chest breathing, the muscles you use the muscles between bones ribs. This muscle is divided into two forms, a muscular outer ribs between bones and muscles in the ribs between bones.
When there is inspiration, outer ribs between bones muscles to contract, so that the ribs to be lifted. As a result, the volume of the chest cavity enlarges. Enlarged volume of the chest cavity makes the air pressure in the chest cavity becomes smaller / reduced, but remains free to air pressure. Thus, air will flow freely into the lungs through the respiratory tract.
Meanwhile, during expiration, the ribs between bones muscles to contract (contract / slack), so the ribs and sternum to its original position. As a result, the chest cavity smaller. Because of the chest cavity decreases, pressure in the chest cavity becomes increased, while the air pressure outside anyway. Thus, the air within the cavity of the lungs are pushed out.
2. Abdominal Breathing
In the breathing process, the inspiration phase occurs when the diaphragm muscle (diaphragm) flat and the volume of the chest cavity enlarges, so the air pressure within the chest cavity smaller than the outside air, resulting in air. The expiratory phase occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm contract (contracts) and the volume of the chest cavity smaller, so the air pressure within the chest cavity larger than the air outside. As a result of the air pushed out.
3. Oxygen Gas exchange mechanism (02) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
Ambient air can be inhaled into the living body in two ways, namely respiratory directly and indirectly breathing. Intake air directly from the surface of the body can be done through the process of diffusion. While air inserted into the body through the respiratory tract respiratory called indirect.
When we breathe, air is taken and excreted through the lungs. In other words, we do the breathing indirectly through the lungs. However, the diffusion process directly on your breathing still occurs in the lungs. Section of lung natural Meng diffusion process with a fine air bubbles are small or alveoli.
Therefore, based on the process of breathing, human being has a two-stage gas exchange mechanism. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas which is the mechanism of external and internal respiration.
a. External Respiratory
When we breathe in air from the outside environment, the air will get into the lungs. Air enters oxygenated blood will be bound by diffusion. At the same time, blood containing carbon dioxide to be released. The process of exchanging oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between air and blood in the lungs is called external respiration.
When red blood cells (erythrocytes) into the capillaries of the lungs, most of the CO2 is transported in the form of bicarbonate ion (HCO-3). With the help of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, carbon dioxide (CO2) water (H2O), which is low in the blood will immediately diffuse out. The equation is as follows.
Immediately, reduced hemoglobin (symbolized HHB) releases hydrogen ions (H +) so that the hemoglobin (Hb) is also involved regardless. Then, the hemoglobin binds to oxygen (O2) to oxyhemoglobin (HbO2 abbreviated).
The process of diffusion can occur in the lungs (alveoli), because adaperbedaan partial pressure between air and blood in the alveoli. The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide to make the concentration of the blood and the air is different.
Partial pressure of the oxygen we breathe will be greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs. In other words, the concentration of oxygen in air is higher than the concentration of oxygen in the blood. Therefore, the oxygen of the air will diffuse into the blood in the pulmonary alveoli.
Meanwhile, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is greater than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the air. Thus, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood will be smaller in comparison to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. As a result, carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the air and be taken out of the body through the nose.
b. Respiratory Internal
Unlike external respiration, gas exchange in the process of internal respiration takes place in the tissues. The process of exchange of oxygen in the blood and carbon dioxide takes place in cellular respiration.
Once oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2) are formed in the lungs, oxygen will be separated, and further towards the tissue fluids. Oxygen will be used in the process of cell metabolism. The reaction is as follows.
The process of entry of oxygen into the tissue fluid through the process of diffusion. This diffusion process is due to the difference in partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissue fluids. Partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue fluid, lower than the oxygen in the blood. This means that the oxygen concentration in tissue fluid is lower. Therefore, the oxygen in the blood flow to the tissue fluid.
Meanwhile, the pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is lower than tissue fluid. As a result, carbon dioxide contained in the body's cells diffuses into the blood. Carbon dioxide is transported by the blood, patches of hemoglobin will bind together to form carboxy hemoglobin (HbCO2). His reaction was as follows.
However, most of the carbon dioxide goes into the blood plasma and join the water into carbonic acid (H2CO3). By anhydrase enzyme, carbonic acid will be decomposed into two ions, the hydrogen ions (H +) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO-reaction equation as follows.
CO2 is not all blood-borne were released out of the body by the lungs, but only 10% of his course. The rest is in the form of bicarbonate ions that remain in the blood. Bicarbonate ions in the blood serves as a bu. er or a buffer solution. \ More precisely, these ions play an important role in stabilizing the pH (acidity) of blood.
Tugas Biologi Elsa Elita tentang Human Respiratory System.
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